The History Of National Curriculum Education Essay

First and first, I am Rubatarshne d/o Vasu as an understudy from Kirkby International College would take this risk to show my significant appreciation and profound regards to my guide Mr. Danapalan for his model direction, observing and immutable support all through this task. The endorsement, help and direction given by God towards my task empower me to complete my task effectively. I would other than wish to thank my companions in helping me by giving help. In this task I have increase inexhaustible comprehension and encounters. I have expanded my level of confirmation when I met headmistress, senior guide and teachers. As an in the future teacher, I other than discovered that there are two sorts of action that had been led in school which are school exercises and class exercises. Other than that, a solid obligation of relationship framed among me and my previous teachers. I would wish to express gratitude toward one time again to my lector for giving me an endeavor sing on National Philosophy of guidance ( NPE ) . Last, I would wish to thank to my educators that ready to pass cut with me to continue meet. Educators, for example, Mrs. Vasugi, Mrs. Chitra and Mrs. Devanagi from Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil, Hicom, Shah Alam and Mrs. Rahinun bt Mohd Noor from Sekolah Kebangsaan Taman Uda, Alor Star, Kedah Darul Aman. I found out about their guidance and securing strategy which will be utile for me in hereafter.ContentSubjectPageNational Philosophy of Education ( NPE )Elementss in NPENational CurriculumKBSR AND KSSRSchool ActivitySport ‘s Day Inspirational talk Qiamullail Excell plan Gotong-RoyongClass ActivityRole show Messing around Spelling usual way of doing things Question and answer ; An action Woman BirdDecisionAppendixMentions1.0 National Philosophy of EducationEducation play a polar capacity in Malaysia especially strategically, financially, and socially ever since the independency of Malaya in 1957 and the arrangement of Malaysia in 1963. Since in this way, a few guidance strategies were being drafted and modified to run into the guidance requests of the individuals of Malaysia from clasp to cut. In 1988, National Philosophy of Education ( NPE ) was defined dependent on musings and rule of strategy paperss. It is manage for every single instructive movement in Malaysia and sets the qualities and rules of the Malayan guidance framework from essential to an exhaustive cross-examination. ( NPE ) comprise of a few components to deliver people who are mentally, profoundly, inwardly, and genuinely adjusted and consonant. The principal part of ( NPE ) is guidance as a continuous endeavor that geting and reassigning perception achievements and baronial qualities which start since the beginning stone mud perish. It is basic to decide character of children which will assist them with accommodating arranged kinds of modifications. Following, is ( NPE ) other than create single potencies. Every individual has their ain shrouded enrichments which can be supported and created, capacities that ought to be tapped, and upgraded through cultural connection with condition. Conviction and respect to God is another part of ( NPE ) which 1 must recognize the being of God and acknowledge him as the Creator. Each individual ought to be to the full answerable for his workss and activities. The last part is to deliver knowing Malayan residents. We as a Malayan resident should hold love for perception and endeavor to facilitate discernment and execute perusing development in our everyday life. Along these lines, it obviously shows that assuming each and everybody in the guidance clique maintain ( NPE ) when shipping out their endeavors with full obligations, our instructive closures will go world.2.0 National CurriculumThere are three clasp kinds of changes in course of study, for example, Old Primary School Curriculum ( KLSR ) before 1982, New Primary School Curriculum ( KBSR ) and Standard Primary School Curriculum ( KSSR ) .Firstly, Old Primary School Curriculum. ( KLSR ) was actualized since the state accomplished its independency. In 1960, the Subject Review Committee has been set up is other than known as Rahman Talib Report. In add-on, this level of guidance framework is arranged to the eradiation of absence of education. Customary schoolroom is a topographic point where a gathering of students will follow the securing system. In this sort of schoolroom, unders tudies ordinarily sit in the request for seats and plain arraies that are organized line by line. For case, students who are tall ought to sit at the back though understudies who are short or have hapless seeing ought to sit forepart. In congruity with the features of Rahman Talib Report, all students must experience in Bahasa Melayu open examination which the paper is written in Malay Language. It expects to advance uprightness among multiracial society. Following, is New Primary School Curriculum ( KBSR ) which was executed in 1982 as a test balance of new course of study. Along these lines, in 1983 specialists to the full executed Integrated Primary school Curriculum which other than known as ( KBSR ) . The course of study configuration dependent on three nations which are imparting, grown-up male and condition, and advancement of single ( KBSR ) underlines understudies study in gathering and connection among teacher and students, students and understudies are truly worried in this ( KBSR ) . In footings of learning plans, understudy focused is effectively assault in the strategy of guidance and procurement. This is on the grounds that it brings a fascinating domain up in schoolroom and animates the technique of guidance and obtaining. The rating in ( KBSR ) underscore in essential achievements ( 3R ) that understudies ought to be aced which are unwritten, perusing and creating. Understudies who could non get the hang any points, t he student will be sent to healing classifications. RemedialA classes are much of the time used to stress the rudimentss in a theme, for example, math or phonetic correspondence. Last, Standard Primary School Curriculum ( KSSR ) course of study configuration dependent on six spikes which are imparting, spiritualty, mentalities and qualities aë†â€ ¹aë†â€ ¹of physical and tasteful advancement of humanistic controls, logical order and designing and visual angle. From 2011, the elementary school course of study begin to utilize ( KSSR ) which includes adjustments in structure, association, content, showing strategy, cut allocation, evaluation techniques, stuffs and bearing of the school course of study. ( KSSR ) stressed the use of various learning assaults larning ( P and A ; P ) that give more emphasize and effect on students. For representation, educators show the understudies by approaching to request discoveries, arrangement and occupation, constructivism, logical, learning dependent on future and larning dependent on attempted. In this manner, the three components of significant worth was included and presented in the ( KSSR ) the part of imagin ation and development, business enterprise, data and conveying designing ( ICT ) . To put it plainly, changes in the age of globalization require a modification in a critical position of the guidance course of study like ( KLSR ) before 1982, ( KBSR ) and ( KSSR ) .These adjustments improve the nature of essential guidance to be increasingly applicable to the difficulties of the present and of the twenty-first century. It is extremely basic to carry on exercises fitting to ( NPE ) especially in schools and colleges and ushers to a standard course of study. By executing the course of study adequately in schools, it can build up the students intellectual, affectional and psychomotor ( physical ) with different potencies ( JERIS ) in understudies. Here, there will be aspiring unit of ammo among students to strive one another. By executing exercises which are in fuse mode will do the understudies to accept out of the box.3.0 School ActivityRecently, I have talked with schoolmaster and senior guide in two schools which are Sekolah Kebangsaan Taman Uda ( SKTU ) at Alor S tar, Kedah and Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil Hicom ( SJKT ) at Dengkil, Selangor. The purpose of these meetings depends on the national course of investigation of the school which mirrors the point of ( NPE ) . Fitting to the meetings that directed in the two schools, I distinguish that there are two sorts of exercises are composed in schools which are school based exercises and schoolroom exercises. Grouped kinds of movement that are sorted out in school lined up with ( NPE ) . There are five boss exercises that completed in school like Sports Day, Motivational Talk, Qiamullai, Excell Program and ‘gotong-royong ‘ . First and first, Sports Day is done during the long stretch of February yearly. All the teachers and understudy from Standard 1 until Standard 6 are engaged with this movement. A couple of hebdomads before Sports Day, understudy begin to give their names for partake occasions like high wide jump, 100m race, ‘shot put ‘ and others. After the school hours, understudies will get down to design the exercises at school field. The significance to shape this action is to create understudies who are solid. Sports can build up musculuss and castanetss which at long last will do the students to go sound. Sports twenty-four hours is where understudy is instructed and uncover toA arranged sorts of athleticss and larning to be coordinate in crew games, be discipline as to follow the guidelines for each game or games thus considerably more. Sports are an extremely sound action that can keep up away a cluster of unneeded ailment, for example, heavy. Understudies can keep their own prosp erity which is lined up with ( NPE ) . This action can help to create psychomotor achievements in students. Another movement that was led in school is Motivational Talk which was given by the Sir Ismail who is one of the advisors in that school. This discussion is to give the stableness of student ‘s feelings and self heading for their greatness. All understudies are includes in this discussion and offered discernment to fix themselves for tests. I

Schindlers List- The Movie essays

Schindlers List-The Movie expositions There are many motion pictures that attempt to repeat significant crossroads ever. Some are somewhat precise, others yet most are really unrealistic. I accept that Schindlers List is one of those motion pictures that attempted to adhere to genuine history. The film was completely based a book that had interviews with some of Schindlers Jews. They took stories from these meetings and put it into the film, attempting to make it look bona fide as could be expected under the circumstances. Like the scene where the Jews are on Cattle Cars on a blistering summer day and Oskar Schindler took a water hose to chill them off or the scene where the Jewish ladies accidently wound up in Bruennlitz. That all really occurred and they utilized the realities to film it. They even utilized the first places to film the correct scenes. I accept that it was to cause the film to feel all the more genuine, Like you were really thinking, harking back to the 1940's and you are really there while all these chronicled occasions are occurring. I feel that Schindlers List is an incredible film with a great deal of genuine, passionate, stories. Be that as it may, I do wish they had indicated a greater amount of Emilie, Schindlers spouse, and her assistance during those difficult occasions. She helped help to the debilitated and kept the Jews well. She had additionally offered her adornments and different doodads to help Oskar, pay for everything. I however that she merit more notification then she pitiful gotten in the film. In any case, all things considered, I think similarly as the factin this film are all together. Schindler would have been glad. ... <!

Constipation and Antidepressants

Constipation and Antidepressants Depression Treatment Medication Print Relieving Constipation Caused by Antidepressants By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 02, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Christian Martinez Kempin/Getty Images More in Depression Treatment Medication Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Types Childhood Depression Suicide People who use medications like antidepressants may potentially become constipated.??  When a person has constipation, this means that his or her bowel movements have become more difficult and/or less frequent than what is normal.   Although what is considered normal varies, most people will have a bowel movement somewhere between three times a day to once or twice a week.  If the time between bowel movements begins to stretch longer, however, then it can become very uncomfortable when they finally do occur. In extreme cases, people may experience what is known as fecal impaction, in which a hard mass of stool remains stuck in the rectum and cannot be passed.?? Constipation is a common side effect of tricyclic antidepressants, which block the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.?? When this neurotransmitter is blocked, the muscular contractions which propel waste matter through the digestive tract are slowed and the intestinal secretions which lubricate the passage of feces are drier, causing constipation.  Although constipation is less likely with newer medications like the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), it is still possible that you may experience irregularity with these as well. Constipation Symptoms When people have constipation, they may have unpleasant symptoms such as the following:?? Less frequent bowel movementsStraining during bowel movementsSmall or hard stoolsA feeling like they didnt completely empty their bowelA swollen or painful abdomenVomiting Relieving Constipation   The following are some tips for relieving constipation caused by an antidepressant:?? Drink plenty of water.Eat high-fiber foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.Get regular exercise.Take fiber supplements.Consider using stool softeners or laxatives if other steps to relieve constipation have failed. Fecal Impaction Fecal impaction can occur with long-term constipation and can potentially have some very serious complications, including tearing of the rectum or tissue death. If a person is experiencing fecal impaction after having long-term constipation, they may begin to have the following additional symptoms:?? Leakage of liquid stools or sudden watery diarrheaRectal bleedingAbdominal cramping or bloatingBladder pressure or loss of bladder controlLower back painFast heartbeat or dizziness when straining to pass stool In the event that you have already become impacted, your doctor will take steps to remove the impacted stool.  This may be done by the use of warm mineral oil enemas to soften and lubricate the stool, manual removal of the impaction or laxatives.  Very rarely, surgery may necessary to remove an impaction. People who have had a fecal impaction will also need to undergo a bowel retraining program, possibly including stool softeners, fiber supplements, dietary changes, special exercises, and other techniques. A Word From Verywell If you are experiencing chronic constipation that is not relieved by self-help measures, it is very important to speak with your personal physician for advice.

The Role Of Project Management Arrangements And The Sqa...

THE ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS CIS 517 IT PROJECT MANAGEMENT DR. ROMY LU STRAYER UNIVERSITY SUNIL PAUDEL 10/27/2015 A project is a combined activity which is carried out by group of peoples with a similar aim. The properties of entities are known as attributes. The project management arrangements include the following: †¢ Identifies the SQA obligations of the undertaking group and the SQA specialist. †¢ Defines SJ-RT audits and reviews and how they will be directed. †¢ Lists the exercises, procedures, and work items that the SQA expert will survey and review. †¢ Identifies the SQA work items. The project management is mostly used in production industry as well as in IT†¦show more content†¦Business Requirements Provide Web-based access to cars inventory. Capability to provide more details to customers about a particular model, provide pictures and other details to customers. Business Values Increase sales by 3%, increase market share by 1%, Increase customer base up to 200miles of reach from the dealer. Special Issues Need a team who will keep the website updated, and take customer queries, Increase cost of implementing the system and training the sales team. A manager is a person who is responsible for providing the communication among all the different channels of the system or project. While accomplishing the necessary trade-offs there would be some confusion to which most of the options would be pursued as the main objective of the system elements which conducts the various analysis trade-offs that are used to determine the important and best way so as to respond to the question of how. Project manager assign the work to the members but he has to motivate them to reach the desired results. Motivation helps the members to improve their performance. The points to show the organization of work storage area are as given below: †¢ There are three areas set up in which the programmers work. †¢ These areas are can be at different physical locations, on server or separate server. †¢ The three areas are divided as the development area, testing area and a production area. †¢ The files andShow MoreRelatedEducational System of Uk and Pakistan5961 Words   |  24 Pages Abstract This paper addresses the comparisons of the education system of Pakistan and the UK from six dimensions i.e. education and training authority, educational structure, curriculum formulation, assessment and evaluation, supervision and management, and teacher education and training. The results revealed that against all these six dimensions, similarities and differences exist within four provinces of Pakistan, but these are relatively more prominent while comparing the four countries inRead MoreLeadership for Health and Social Care and Children65584 Words   |  263 Pages100/4794/3 and the 3078 Level 4 NVQ in Leadership and Management for Care Services 500/4105/8 Learner logbook and Smartscreen Consult the Walled Garden/Online Catalogue for last dates City Guilds number 3978-51 Accreditation number 600/0573/7 Support materials Registration and certification Title and level Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young People’s Services (Children and Young People’s Residential Management) Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and

The Chain Of Success Is A Symbol Of The Oppression Within...

The Chain of Success The Child in The People that Walked Away from Omelas is a symbol of the oppression within our own society. Through the child we’re able to reflect on the extreme effects of oppression and how it leaves a mark on society as a whole. We live in a world where success is built by a foundation based on Oppression. Success is like a chain in which the people on the base suffer to balance those on top. This idea is reinforced in the story when the child is oppressed to protect the balance in Omelas. People are oppressed based on things they can’t control such as race or class. The general theme of the story explores our own humanity and how we justify such cruelty to ourselves. In The People that Walked away from Omelas, the prosperity of the whole society depends on the oppression of that one child. This reminded me of the real world, where oppression of African countries has greatly altered political power and world economics. Colonization and slavery are just two forms of oppression that led to the prosperity of western society. The African countries, who were oppressed, are still effected by the consequences, much like the child in the story. European colonizers forcibly occupied much of the African continent. They redrew political boundaries, exploited human and natural resources of the rich continent. This led to great economic increase and better standards of living in the western world. In contrast, African economies and standards of livingShow MoreRelatedBlacks During The Early 1800s Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pagestarget of oppression of whites. So even when a small group of blacks were given their freedom, they weren’t truly liberated fr om the chains of slavery and oppression. Blacks were freed in the early 1800s, giving a limited amount of blacks the freedom they deserved. 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Alternative Energy Sources Free Essays

It is undeniable that global warming has been one of the most pressing issues facing the world today. Global warming is due to the greenhouse effect wherein greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap the sun’s heat in our atmosphere and prevent it from radiating back into space. However the issue of global warming is not about global warming. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Energy Sources or any similar topic only for you Order Now The greenhouse effect has been around for millions of years and is indeed responsible for the development of life as without it the earth would be too cold to support the variety of flora and fauna we see today. The issue of global warming has been accelerated global warming. The issue is how the rate of heating by the earth’s surface is proceeding at a much faster rate than mother nature can adapt to. If the predictions are correct, this will result in a multitude of changes. Environmental changes such as the rise in global sea levels due to the melting of the ice caps, an increase in the frequency of extreme weather due to changing precipitation patterns, and massive rates of extinction. These massive environmental effects also translate to massive economic effects especially in agriculture. Drought will affect the production of essential foodstuffs like grain especially in the equatorial regions. The retreat of glaciers will also affect farms which are dependent on glacier runoff for irrigation. Global warming will also strain government pockets as the need for preventive infrastructure like floodgates as well as for repair and reconstruction of old infrastructure which is damaged by the increased temperature variation. Increased health costs will also be a burden on social services. One of the key methods for mitigating the advance of global warming is by the reduction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Some of the ways of reducing greenhouse gases include changing practices in agriculture, stopping deforestation, as well as restoring and conserving degraded land. Another way for reducing greenhouse gases is by switching our energy production from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. Some renewable energy sources include solar power, wind power, hydrogen, and nuclear power. This paper discusses these alternative energy sources and the prospects for their use. Most of the energy needs of the United States comes from fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. The combustion of these fossil fuels drive generators which provide electricity as well as engines that power our transportation. However, these fossil fuels are considered nonrenewable energy sources simply because these fossil fuels are of limited supply. Sooner or later, the world’s fossil fuel deposits will reach a point such that their extraction would not be economically feasible. Already, the huge demand for oil is pushing its price to record levels with each   passing year. As opposed to fossil fuel based energy sources, renewable energy comes from sources that wont run out in any anthropological time frame. Renewable sources such as wind or solar power come from sources which are constantly replenished, and will be constantly replenished barring major changes of geological or astronomical scale. As such, investments in renewable power is much more future proof. Because these renewable sources of energy wont run out, we can be sure that succeeding generations will be able to benefit from renewable energy sources we develop today. That much cannot be said for sources of energy from oil, gas and coal. How to cite Alternative Energy Sources, Papers Alternative Energy Sources Free Essays The consumption of natural resources has come to dominate the minds of policy-makers and general public in the US, given the limited range of these resources and concerns associated with the burden the growing population places on the reserves. The most obvious problem the US encounters in the realm of natural resources consumption is undeniably the consumption of energy resources. In addition to increasing the efficiency of oil production, the nation will sooner or later have to turn to alternative energy sources. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Energy Sources or any similar topic only for you Order Now While these sources still remain too expensive to be operational, their technology is undergoing rapid transformations to make them more cost-efficient. Wind mills are already effectively used in Spain where the climate is characterized by strong winds. Solar energy, geothermal power, tides, hydroelectric power plants – all these are ways to receive energy in a way that is less dangerous for the environment and can with time fully replace oil as a source of energy. Considering the dangers posed to the US society by the resource depletion, we will also try to look at alternative solutions that will enable us to replace the reserves. Current State Solar energy is attractive because the energy received by the earth annually exceeds the amount of energy used by humanity by 35,000 times, although â€Å"about 1/3 of this energy is either absorbed by the outer atmosphere or reflected back into space† (University of Utah). Geothermal energy that stems from the inner heat of the earth is of lesser importance as it can be used only to replace a small amount of human needs. The temperatures of 100 degrees Celsius are located only three miles away from the surface, which gives man an opportunity to use geothermal energy. Tidal facilities like the one operated by the former Soviet Union in Lumkara, use the power of the water â€Å"to fill reservoirs, which are then slowly discharged through electricity-producing turbines† (University of Utah). The attraction of tidal power, in contrast to solar and wind energy is its predictability and rich supply that can be calculated since it comes on a regular basis. In contrast, in the case of solar and wind energy, the industry often has to wait for days until the sun comes out or the wind begins to blow. However, the Survey of Energy Resources published by the World Energy Council in 2001 points to â€Å"long construction times, high capital intensity and low load factors† as preventing economic efficiency of this type of energy (World Energy Council). How to cite Alternative Energy Sources, Papers Alternative Energy Sources Free Essays The move to alternative energy sources is inevitable for most of the modern world. Reasons for the move include sheer economics, geopolitics and environmental protection. Through the years, the world has gotten used to using fossil fuels for their energy needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Energy Sources or any similar topic only for you Order Now Products derived from fossil fuels are used in transportation, in electricity generation, in petrochemicals and even in road construction. The primary reason for the move is the inadequacy of fossil fuels to meet future energy demands at an economically feasible price. Fossil fuels, due to their nature, are of finite supply. Even though no estimates show that the amount of fossil fuels in the Earth is not about to run out, economic forces will cut the fossil fuel supply even before it runs out. As the amount of fossil fuels extracted decreases, the greater the demand for it becomes, particularly because of rising economies. Economics will thus dictate that the price of fossil fuels go up due to shifts in global supply and demand. Sooner or later, the price of energy will rise to unsustainable prices – prices which can cripple economies and cause great financial problems for the common man due to inflation. Already, we have seen evidences of this scenario happening. The price of oil has risen continually over the years and has already sparked unrest in some countries. Alternative energy sources, especially renewable energy sources are clearly better in the long run. Renewable energy sources will not face the problems faced by rising oil prices today simply because these energy sources are not finite. Alternative energy sources like biomass, wind, hydro and solar energy will always be replenished. Moreover, these energy sources are also less polluting than fossil fuel sources. The use of fossil fuels has been linked to the phenomenon of anthropogenic global warming. Carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels are said to cause Earth’s temperature to rise abnormally – a situation which can have disastrous effects on a global scale if left unchecked. Renewable energy sources do not suffer from this drawback which makes them more attractive from an environmental perspective. Nuclear energy is also another alternative energy form. While it is not exactly renewable due to the finiteness of the Earth’s Uranium deposits, the high yield of nuclear energy means that the accessible Uranium in the Earth can last us for centuries before running out. Nuclear energy is clean, already available and can supply energy at a large scale. While there are concerns regarding its safety as well as what to do with spent nuclear waste, newer technologies have managed to reduce the dangers from these nuclear side effects. These make nuclear energy an attractive stopgap until the development of more advanced energy sources. In the pipeline are also some more futuristic energy options. Hydrogen power is a promising alternative to using oil products in transportation. Unlike oil combustion which releases pollutants into the air, the by-product of Hydrogen consumption is harmless water vapor. Lastly, Helium-3 fusion is an attractive solution which can potentially end all of Earth’s energy problems. Helium-3 fusion is a form of nuclear energy which utilizes Helium instead of Uranium and has no radioactive by products. References National Renewable Energy Laboratory – www.nrel.gov Schmitt, H. (October 2004). Mining The Moon. In Popular Mechanics. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/air_space/1283056.html?page=4. Whitlock, J. (2008). Uranium. In Canadian Nuclear FAQ. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://www.nuclearfaq.ca/cnf_sectionG.htm#uranium_supply.    How to cite Alternative Energy Sources, Papers Alternative Energy Sources Free Essays The depletion of conventional and non-renewable sources of energy i. e. fossil fuels, which include coal, gasoline and natural gas, has caused concern among the policy makers and the consumers. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Energy Sources or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, the recent increase in oil prices has caused inflation due to higher transportation costs of the commodities. However, the biggest drawback of using the non-renewable sources of energy has been an increase in environmental pollution, and the phenomenon of global warming. When the fossil fuels are burnt by millions of vehicles on road, ships on water, and by aeroplanes in air, toxic emissions including deadly hydrocarbons, and lethal carbon monoxide are released into the atmosphere. These poisonous gases cause severe respiratory diseases, and cancer in the most vulnerable human population i. e. children and elderly. Is it beneficial to continue the use of fossil fuels whose emissions cause deadly diseases in humans? Also, one of the emissions is carbon dioxide, which is the main cause of global warming. Since the fossil fuels are limited in supply, scientists, environmentalists and policy makers have been striving to find the alternative sources of energy, which are replenishable, easily available, non-polluting, non-detrimental to the health of humans, environmental friendly and do not cause global warming. Isn’t it beneficial for us to explore and deploy the alternative energy sources? I strongly feel that we must develop technology to commercially exploit the alternative energy sources. Some of the types of alternative energy sources along with their utility to humanity are highlighted in the following discussion. Discussion Different definitions of alternative energy have been given by different thinkers and organizations. Economy Watch reported that Material Management Services defined it â€Å"as an alternative for the renewable energy forms,† which has â€Å"not been extracted from fossil fuels. † Further, as defined by Natural Resources Defense Council, Economy Watch stated that alternative energy is peripheral and environmental-friendly. According to Economy Watch, Responding to Climate Change 2007 has defined alternative energy as the one â€Å"that is drawn from the untraditional sources of energy like winds, compressed natural gases, hydroelectricity and solar sources. † When different definitions are merged, the complete meaning of alternative energy sources becomes evident. How to cite Alternative Energy Sources, Papers

Aristotle Account of Human Good and Human Function

Question: Discuss about theAristotle's Account of Human Good and Human Function. Answer: The view on human good is able to differ according to different people. When reviewing the view according to Aristotle, Socrates and Plato, there are some clear differences which are viewed but they sometimes have common basis. According to Aristotle, human good is not achieved by solely learning the different principles but through practice of what is good. There are different ways to view what is good for human and different definitions are able to exist. Initially, Socrates and Plato had their views on human good. Aristotle came in and provided his views and understanding, which at some point he was able to agree with Socrates and Plato while at other tomes disagreeing with their views. This paper will analyze the view of human good and functioning according to Aristotle and the way be uses Plato and Socrates in his argument. Aristotle is able to use the different human good virtues in order to explain his understanding of these factors and the way the affect the human functioning[1]. The main focus of Aristotle is whether there is any of the human good which is higher than others. Each of the human good according to Aristotle has its own characteristic, which are able to define it. These characteristics are therefore used to judge them virtues and the way they should function when applied. The major question, which Aristotle is able to raise in his argument, is on the function or work of human being in life. Aristotle uses the psychological and biological ends in order to satisfy his different arguments to support his main points on the account of human good. Rationality in soul is a key factor, which is able to enhance the good in human being. Aristotle is able to argue that the performance of every virtue well requires the use of soul[2]. He also touches ion the nature of happiness as part of the human good. He is able to conclude that each person happiness is unique to themselves and therefore able to define their own happiness. Nevertheless, Aristotle adds that the happiness is not a virtue and activities are the major component of being happy. The perfection of man and his happiness are viewed the same by Aristotle and Plato. Additionally, Aristotle goes ahead to view the human perfections in more other ways[3]. According to Aristotle, the main question, which the people should focus on, is what is composed on human good or simply what happiness constitutes. Ethics is one of the key area which need to be analyzed in details in order to achieve the happiness in human life. In Aristotles analysis of ethics, he is able to follow the key points and arguments of Socrates such at the Metaphysics[4]. Nevertheless, some key difference can also be found in the analysis of what Socrates, Plato and Aristotle has to say. According to Aristotle, ethics is not a theoretical approach. This means that these factors cannot be theoretically practices and practical expression must be done. He is able to insist that the need to acquire knowledge is able to lead to the question of what is good for human being. This leads to the flourishment of the learner. In his description of human good, Aristotle does not only look compiling a list of the good items since any person can do that. Aristotle is able to focus on more difficult part of the human good where he raises the need for knowledge of what human good factors is good than others. In this case, Aristotle is able to ascertain that all the factors are important. Nevertheless, he insists that the importance of the factors is able to change according to the different situations, which they are applied upon[5]. In addition, Aristotle is able to raise the question on whether these factors are desirable to others and the way they can apply them. With the different needs in different people, Aristotle is able to conclude that the people with the needs can therefore determine the importance of these factors individually. Moreover, Aristotle identifies that the human good factors need analysis from the individual perspective in order to arrive at the key solution of the way they are important. According to him, the highest human good has three key characteristics, which it has to meet. First, according to him this good must have be desirable for itself. This mean that it must be able satisfy its own needs. Secondly, the need should not be desirable for the sake of some other good. This means that it should be able to stand for its own use and benefit. Lastly, all other goods should be desirable for this good sake. This means that the other goods should be able to support the wellbeing of this good. The good for human being must be able to meet these specific characteristics according to Aristotle. In addition, although Aristotle is able to agree that happiness from its origin has two components of well and spirit, he does not refer to the spirit component in his explanation of the human good and happiness. He is able to argue that living well which is likely to lead to the happiness is controlled by the human state of mind. This means that whatever one is able to set in his or her mind will be able to lead to the human good and more specifically the happiness. Moreover, he is able to agree that each persons goal is to live to the state of happiness. He adds that other subordinate needs are able to accompany the state of mind in order to achieve the required level of happiness. These include the wealth, health and additional resources which are able to promote the well-being of the human. In addition, Aristotle is able to insist that without the determination of the good and the happiness, the additional subordinate goods will not help one to achieve the state of happiness. He concludes that these subordinate goods have little influence on the happiness state of the people[6]. The mind is controlled by the psychological emotions and therefore attaining the human good is a function of the biological and psychological component[7]. He insists that the human good is a component of human soul, which is responsible for the growth and reproduction, and perceptions. These factors are able to play a key role in the achievement of the human good and happiness for the human beings. In addition, Aristotle is able to insist that the feeling of happiness is controlled by oneself. This is the main point when he refers the happiness has one own. This means that one has to control the state of happiness buy identifying the different characteristics of identifying the good and doing it. This helps to maintain the different state of one to attain the good. The theory he uses is based on refining oneself position and what one is able to think about the happiness. He is able to show that living well which is able to lead to the happiness is a state of doing something and not simply a state or a condition which one is able to attain. In these entire factors, Aristotle is able to show that the soul is critical in attaining the happiness and ensuring that the human good is attained[8]. He is able to add that the lifelong activities and virtues of the rational part of the soul are able to play a critical role in attaining the state of living well and ensuring happiness is at tained. In addition, Aristotle is able to add that the clear road to happiness is also coupled with other factors such as friends, wealth and power. He argues that if one is lacking these supportive [9]components, the state of happiness is usually endangered. The major question, which he is able to raise in this argument, is why it has to be like that while the state of happiness is controlled by the soul. He is able to note that the state of happiness will only diminish when the supply of these goods is absent which are able to lead to attaining of a virtuous activity. This means that the supportive parts of attaining the happiness are key in the human good[10]. They help to support the state of soul in attaining the happiness. In my view, the human good depend on ethics which are able to guide the human life and functioning. The supportive ethical characters are as well important to enhance the functioning of human good in the society. Moreover, the way Aristotle supports the happiness and living good will at time require the good fortunes which can lead to the excellence in human being state of happiness. In conclusion, he is able to set out that the state of highest good does not come by chance and requires one to work out in order to attain the state and this is the truth of achieving a happy life. In conclusion, Aristotle is able to offer his own account of what is composed in human good and the requirement of attaining that status. In his argument, it is clear that the state is worked out by the individual and does not only come by chance. In addition, supportive requirements are in many cases needed to help attain the happiness status of the soul. Ethics and virtues are able to play a bigger role for the state of soul to attain the happiness and leading to the human good. Moreover, wealth, friends and health are other key factors which are coupled together to enhance the state of soul to attained this required state of happiness. Bibliography Kraut, Richard, Aristotle's Ethics, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta(ed.), URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=aristotle-ethics Lawrence, Gavin. "Human Good and Human Function." (2008): 37-75. Print. Hughes, Gerard J. Routledge Guidebook to Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. Florence: Taylor and Francis, 2013. Print. White, Stephen A. Sovereign Virtue: Aristotle on the Relation between Happiness and Prosperity. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1992. Print. Hutchins, Robert M, and Mortimer J. Adler. The Great Ideas Today. Chicago: Encyclopdia Britannica, 1961. Internet resource. Flaman, Paul J. P. "Evolution, the Origin of Human Persons, and Original Sin: Physical Continuity with an Ontological Leap." The Heythrop Journal. 57.3 (2016): 568-583. Print Strauss, D.F.M. "Are Distinct Societal Spheres a Threat to Human Freedom? the Fruitfulness of the Principle of Sphere Sovereignty." Journal for Christian Scholarship = Tydskrif Vir Christelike Wetenskap. 49 (2013): 185-204. Print. May, Hope. Aristotle's Ethics: Moral Development and Human Nature. London: Continuum, 2010. Print.

Arms Control Essays - Arms Control, Firearms, International Law

Arms Control Arms Control Arms control is a major issue facing the nations of the world today. The concept that a war today could destroy every living thing doesn't sit well with many people. So to control weapons and what nations have these weapons will help control war. With problems with Nuclear weapons, Biological, chemical, and small arms we need to control them to help curve the problem. There are five nuclear weapon states in the world. They are the United States, Russia, France, United Kingdom, and China. Currently there are no international laws banning nuclear weapons, but their bans on testing these weapons. There is a treaty to ban nuclear testing world wide, to establish inspections, and establish a network of monitoring stations to identify these situations (United Nations Handout). Thus far, not all forty-four of the countries with nuclear capabilities have signed, therefore making it null and void. Until we can come to agreement on this issue the issue of resolving the other weapons will be hard to come by. Chemical and biological weapons are the next item for the world to tackle. There are more than sixteen nations with these weapons. Some of which are Russia, India, China, and Israel. There is a Chemical Weapons Convention, which bans the use stockpile, development, production, and sale of these weapons. More than seventy nations have ratified it. There are five nations that have neither taken part in talks nor signed the agreement. They are Egypt, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, and Syria. The problem with controlling chemical weapons is that many of the agents that are used are used in everyday items. Phosphoric oxychloride, which is used in insecticides, gasoline additives and flame-retardants, is an item in question. These are items we must curtail to lessen or stop the threat of a chemical and biological war. The issue of land mines and small arms is a huge issue to tackle. For the simple reason that they are both easy to conceal. Land mines kill 800 people around the world a month. There about one hundred million active anti-personnel mines around the world in about seventy nations. This is a huge problem, because most of the people being killed are innocent people. The conflicts that they were used for have been over for years and either the military can't find them or don't have the capabilities to remove them. There has been a treaty submitted to more than one hundred nations for ratification, were there is a good chance that they will pass. It would make signers of the treaty to stop develop and deployment of anti-personnel mines. The United States has stated that they will not sign it, because we need them to protect American security. The problem with that is the area in question is along the North and South Korea border. So maybe we need to look at the broader picture and not at w hat we think is best for us. With the issue of small arms is that they are small and easy to conceal. They are fairly cheap and available. So the issue of small arms is a hard one to tackle, which may never be solved. In conclusion the issue of arms control is a hard one to tackle. Like life not everyone will be satisfied. We as a world must need to come to a general understanding of what we all need to do. Whether or not we recognize a nation as having weapons they are going have them regardless. We should limit what each country should have. That is as far as we should go. We can't stop anyone from doing anything. We can only hope to contain them. Social Issues

House of Hades Essays - The Heroes Of Olympus, Free Essays

House of Hades Essays - The Heroes Of Olympus, Free Essays House of Hades Type of book: Fantasy, Greek mythology and Adventure Pages: 597 Author: Rick Riordan Main Characters: Annabeth: Annabeth has curly golden blonde hair and is "like a princess," as Percy describes it. She is tall, fit, and athletic. Her eyes have been described as an intense shade of gray and always have a distracted look as if she were thinking of a million things at once. Mainly because, she's the daughter of Athena. Annabeth looks like a typical California girl. She loves architecture, and spends her free time designing new buildings and visiting national monuments. Her fatal flaw is pride. She thinks she can do anything and does it well. Annabeth can be very caring but possessive of the people she loves. For example, she is very anxious of losing Percy to another girl like Rachel or Calypso. Percy Jackson: Percy is described with jet black hair and bright sea green eyes inherited to him from Posidon his father. Percy is a brave, spirited natural leader, and is willing to risk his life to save friends, family, strangers, and sometimes even enemies. He has a sarcastic and smart sense of humor. He has earned the respect of all the Olympians. Percy is somewhat short-tempered, and thus has trouble controlling his anger and will do anything to save his friends even risk his own life. This is showed when he tries to save Annabeth from Tarturas but falls in with her (Pg 3). Jason Grace: Jason Grace is described as having the features of a Roman statue, with blue eyes, blond hair and a small scar on the corner of his lip. Son of Jupiter Jason is a very serious with a moderate sense of humor. He also has a strong sense of honor and justice as shown by his great compassion. He greatly cares for his friends and family willing to risk his life to protect or help them. Jason goes to such great extents that he almost gets himself killed to save his friends. Leo Valdez: Leo is described by Jason to look like a " Latino Santa's elf," with curly black hair, dark brown eyes, pointy ears and being of normal height with a slim build. Son of Hephaestus he is good-natured, easygoing, upbeat, energetic, funny, and loves to tell jokes. Leo is intelligent and honest, and cares about his friends and family. He sometimes doesn't think before reacting and he enjoys pulling pranks on people. He frequently falls in love with any girl such as the goddess Khione and Jason sisters Thalia. For example when Thalia, Jason and Leo were in the cave alone, Leo asked Thalia if her no-dating policy was seasonal, but she ignored him. Khione herself being a snow goddess hates Leo as she can sense the fire within him and takes his compliments as insults. Piper MacLean: Piper is portrayed to be a very beautiful girl of Cherokee descent mainly because shes the daughter of Aphrodite. She is described to have dark tanned skin, chocolate brown and eyes that change color like a kaleidoscope. Piper is very convincing and has a good sense of what's right helping others who need it. There have many times where she could have betrayed her friends but never did even when her dad was on the line because she believed they would win for the good of everyone. Hazel Levesque: Hazel is African American with shoulder-length curly cinnamon brown hair and gold eyes. Hazel is outgoing with a love for creativity and horseback riding, but has dislike for boating and curses. She feels a massive amount of guilt over releasing the giant of giants. After her father Hades gave her the gift to summon minerals, she thinks it's her responsibility to bring him down. Hazel is extremely loyal to her friends and treats them as family, as shown through her friendship with Frank and Percy. Even when she gave up Elysium to go to the Fields of Asphodel so that her mother wouldn't go to the Fields of Punishment. Frank Zhang: Frank has a large and stocky frame. He is Asian-Canadian and has a babyish face with brown eyes and black short hair which, Percy states, seems out of place with his stout body and

Enterprise Computing Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Enterprise Computing Systems - Essay Example It continued to command a strong market position and post profits in-an industry which was already struggling with declining sales and billions of dollars running in losses. Today, Dell directly sales around 90% of it’s PCs directly to the final customer. It has efficiently streamlined it’s supply chain in it’s favor by by-passing the re-seller channel which is a norm in the PC industry. The key to Dell’s success is it’s business model. This model gives Dell it’s competitive edge over the indirect PC sales. Dell’s efficiency was one of the primary reasons behind it’s success. It’s efficiency allowed the company to operate and a excel in a negative trading cycle. For it’s inventory management Dell adopted a Just In Time Approach. This approach helped Dell create a â€Å"pull† for it’s personal computers. Just-In-Time system also helped them save costs on storage incase of excess inventory. They were ab le to let the sales float irrespective of rising demand. The customization policy proved to be very successful for Dell. It turned out to be their value-added feature. They were better able to have an idea of what the customers wanted and were able to adapt themselves and their business processes accordingly. However in this rapidly changing world, the business environment keeps changing. Policies and models have to be hence revamped to adapt to the changing business model. During the course of 2006, Dell suffered a set back and significant decline in their sales in the PC market, and with that the continuous decline of PC sales prices too. This was coupled with other factors such as rising customer dissatisfaction, changing trends, less techno-savvy consumers, rising preference for mobile computing and less need for customization. Market analysts realized that Dell’s problems focused more on cost competition without providing value added customer service, efficiency without innovation and a reluctance

Creative writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creative writing - Essay Example Seeing that I had noticed her presence, there appeared a strange shine in the depth of the blackness of her eyes. "Do you know who I am" I sat there mutely surveying her. It was strange how I did not feel much fear at her presence, only a slight eeriness. I was overpowered by the urge to shout, not out of fear, but simply because there was something about her that sent a numbing chillness coursing through my veins. "So you still have not recognized me Look closely Shoba. Look really carefully." Seeing its reflection, standing right behind my back, it suddenly dawned on me what it was that she was trying to say. There was an eerie resemblance between her and me! It would have been grossly incorrect to say that she was my mirror image or my twin but the fact that there existed a resemblance could not be denied. "See what you will look like after decades of torture, self-denial. See what you will become once you are chained, once you barter your freedom at the hands of centuries of mind less conventions and traditions." "You lie!" I half-hissed, too weak to even shake my head with any vehemence. She made a small guttural noise, which I suspected to be a chuckle. "Think Shoba, even if my words do lie, can your eyes lie too Can what you see before yourself be denied You know deep down, this is what life will bring you. You know deep down that it will bring exactly what it brought your mother and to all those before her." I reeled from the onslaught of her words, knowing full well that my denial, no matter how forceful will not be able to erase the truth of her words. Being unable to bear it any longer I turned back, hoping against hope that it will disappear. God, it seemed, was not listening to my prayers that day, as she stood there facing me. "What did you think would happen to you" she asked, her tone turning harsher. "You thought you could buy yourself a newer and a better life without any reason or rhyme You though you were entitled to more Life is not a genero us goddess Shoba. It takes away much more than it gives. It has just received another sacrificial lamb at her altar. You have just become another Unspoken." She said retreating slowly, the sinister smile, never for one moment leaving her lips. I saw her dissolving into the wall like a delicate tendril of smoke. In a moment, the room was as silent as it was before. Only the sound of my heavy breathing punctured the heavy fog of silence. I limped, broken and dejected, to my bed, resting my head on the mattress, gazing absently at the bedstead whose floral patterns blurred into shapes of huge serpents right before my eyes. The silence only served to aggravate the hysteria mounting inside me till it became a huge ball, growing in the pit of my stomach, ready to burst out any moment. My life raced in front of my eyes like a motion picture. My school, my friends, all my precious hopes and dreams, all my intricate daydreams that I had kept hidden in some corner of my heart. What will I be now A faceless entity Existing only for the pleasure and convenience of my lord and master, who might or might not reciprocate my feelings of love and respect. My sole purpose in life is to be a good and dutiful wife - it was taught to me long ago. Is it possible that centuries of wisdom could be so wrong Or is it just my own mind, my own soul rebelling Suddenly I heard footsteps coming up the stairs. Were those the footsteps of the man in whose hands my life and my destiny will be till the time of my death The door

Micro Credit In Mauritius Social Work Essay

Micro Credit In Mauritius Social Work Essay Abstract In this study, the impact of micro-credit as a poverty alleviation strategy in Mauritius is analyzed. A close link is made between microcredit and empowerment of women through different chapters and how it helps to empower Mauritian women. Women are empowered when they are able to take decisions, have their own roles and responsibilities, are independent, educated and are ready to face discriminations which exists due to deep norms and values of society. Income is the main concept of this study because data collected have proved that microcredit helped to increase income generated through these women business. This study has raised many questions because it is observed that microcredit tend to empower economically but very less in social terms. Findings have showed that women situation have changed but not that far compared to other countries where microcredit is very popular. Still, microcredit has encouraged women be follow trainings and develop their skills, and promoted participa tion in activities of society mainly economic activities. On the other side microcredit is also a vicious circle of debts for women who face difficulties to repay their loans which shows how microcredit create impoverishment of women which very is far from reducing poverty. CHAPTER 1.0: INTRODUCTION Poverty is usually defined as the lack of opportunities, lack of education and skills, and also in terms of standard of living. Poverty in Mauritius is not similar like other countries, whether someone lives in urban or rural areas is not valid to categorize him as poor. Poor people in Mauritius (mainly women) are often denied access to resources, to opportunities, education and training for development of skills. This is often the main reason why these people cannot cope with changes occurring in our Mauritians society, in terms of social and economical transitions (IFAD). There is a real concern to alleviate poverty a ministry of social security and social welfare has even been set up to tackle this problem. It is clear cut that poverty is not just an economic problem but also a social problem affecting life of Mauritians. The government work closely with NGOs and other institution, a National action plan has even been set up to promote economic growth. This includes improving educational system, providing financial support for investment ad micro-enterprises and micro-finance institutions (IFAD 2011). 1.2 Micro credit in Mauritius Microcredit started in July 2001; it was a project by the IFAD to promote Mauritian women through microenterprises. The aim of this project was to provide financial facilities and support to needy women and promote income-generating activities. Micro-credit is known as the key tool to poverty alleviation (Grameen bank). Micro-credit scheme in Mauritius has brought progress and attracted women there are more than 3,500 women registered as entrepreneurs (Nwec 2010). They are even given financial facilities like Microcredit loans for their business. The Development Bank of Mauritius (DBM) and cooperative bank provides with loans at lower interest rates Trade fairs are organized to these women to expose their product and even Awards ceremony are organized every year to reward the best women entrepreneurs. The ministry of Gender Equality and child welfare set up micro credit programmes to target women in poverty. Together with other institution like NGOs and banks, which provide further contributions to assist needy women. In Mauritius, the National Women Entrepreneur Council is responsible for women entrepreneurs, providing trainings in their incubators found at Phoenix. Empowerment of women is very important for economic growth, that is why an empowerment programme has been set up in 2006 and the National empowerment Foundation (NEF) in 2008 to ensure the good purpose of the empowerment programme (NEF 2009). There are very few reports that 1.3 Problem statement It is a fact that micro-credit is very important to fight poverty and many studies have shown its positive impact in terms of standard of living, income, education, and health. However despite these strategies, poverty still remains (Mosley 2002). The main question is that has it really empowered women? By empowerment we mean women being emancipated, taking and participating in decision making access to employment and trainings. But statistics show a different result because women in the active economy represent only 43.7 % compared to men 75.5%, only 35.5 % of women in Mauritius work (CSO 2011). Microcredit was supposed to help in creating job opportunities for women, Statistics show that there is a population of 645 875 women, and the number of female-headed household in Mauritius and this wage gap which exist between men and women make them less economically active compared to men. Only 30% of women work in government services in Mauritius, it has been observed that 61% of women are unemployed and the rest that is 33% receive an income of Rs 4,000 compared to the 8% of men. Women income is around Rs 8,350 compared to men Rs 12,560, we are very far from reaching gender equality. How far has microcredit helped in poverty alleviation, are these strategies enough to combat poverty, how did it change or not image that society set on women and their role, responsibilities and economic activities are the questions this study will try to answer. Aim of study To assess the impact of micro-credit programme in poverty alleviation among women in Mauritius. Objectives of the study To evaluate the benefits of microcredit as poverty alleviation tool in Mauritius. To determine how microcredit promoted socio-economic development in Mauritius. To describe how micro-credit alleviate poverty through income-generated activities. To analyze how women empowerment through micro-credit helps to alleviate poverty in Mauritius. 1.4 Layout of study This study is organized as follows: Chapter 2 give deep explanations about main concepts used in this study and how they are linked. Another part of this chapter describes studies conducted on the impact of micro-credit on women and how it helps to alleviate poverty in other countries and how different authors view it, its effect on these countries and also problems they faced. Chapter 3 describes methods used to collect data for this study and why it is appropriate. Different parts of this chapter define the problems faced during data collection, how data will be analyzed and ethical considerations to be respected for this study. Chapter 4 provides an in-depth explanation of all findings during data collection and is followed by the discussion part where findings will be linked with other authors explanations from chapter 2.Chapter 5 is the conclusion, a summary of this study followed by recommendation which might help to bring better improvements to this field or encourage other research. CHAPTER 2.0: LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter provides an in depth analysis of concepts used in this study and how different authors assessed microcredit effectiveness on women and poverty, how government and Ngos help to promote women. There are also various studies conducted across the world showing its impact on socio-economic development in many countries in contrast with Mauritius. 2.1 Concept of Poverty Poverty is defined in different terms and it is difficult to have an exact definition of it. The UN (United Nations) defines poverty as a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity (Langmore 2000: 37). It means lack willingness and opportunity to participate effectively in society. UN also relate poverty to lack of income to enable survival, social discriminations that the poor face, and by denial of opportunities, it means that they are denied to participate in decisions in society (UN, 1995: Para. 19). In the Beijing declaration it was mentioned how poverty is characterized: lack of participation in social and cultural life, this occurs in many developing countries forming pockets of poverty: regions where poor lives. A poor is not poor because of lack of participation in civil society but also due to economic problems such as recession which prevent people below the poverty line from having a decent life. Sen. (1981), who is a famous researcher on the subject of poverty, explains poverty as the lack of basic needs essential for survival and fails to participate in social and economic activities. Poverty can be categorized into two that is absolute poverty and relative poverty. Absolute poverty refers to a situation where an individual is unable to satisfy his basic needs that are food, shelter and clothing and health. Peter Townsend (1979) defines relative poverty as a situation where an individual standard of living is below the level that they are unable to enjoy normal way of life (Reporting poverty in the UK p 15). It is more about standard of living where there is an individual possess a big villa, new brand car, high income whereas another one is at medium level and can at least satisfy his basic needs and stay healthy. 2.2 Women and poverty More than 1.3 billion of people live in poverty in the world and most of them are located in developing countries like Asia and Africa (UNDP 1996). Women are the one who bear all the burden, they have to manage their household which means work and cater for their family at the same time which is not an easy task. A woman is described as a human being of female sex who can be distinguished through her gender roles and responsibilities in society (Wikimedia 2005). 70 % of women are poor and they mostly come from female-headed households (UNIFEM 2010). Poverty among women keep on increasing, that is why it was conceptualized as Feminization of poverty; an increase in female-headed household (Buduwski 2002). There are various reasons which explain why women, one because there are gender based values like gender roles (housewife/nest builder) which prevent women to emancipate, the increase of divorce increases female-headed families (GAP 2008). There are gender-based inequalities which re strict women to have access to resources and opportunities; which failed to empower them. There were more than 22 millions of unemployed women in the world in 2008 and in developing countries like African countries and south Asia women engaged in insecure jobs (UN 2009). Empirical studies conducted in Poland showed that there are more than 90% of women who are engaged in household work and also their paid, which is a real burden for them (Mandal 2008:163).In Mauritius, Women are more likely to face poverty than men; a report of the CSO showed that 8.9% of women compared to 8.1% of men live in relative poverty in 2009. There is a gap in income between male and female employee only Rs 7,100 for female and Rs 12, 330 for male (ESI 2010:11). 2.3 women and Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation is based on different strategies to reduce poverty at individual, group and community level. These strategies include education facilities to promote socio-economic development and break down barriers leading to disparities in our society (Barder 2009). Greenberg (2005) defines poverty alleviation as set of strategies to reduce the impacts of poverty on vulnerable groups. In 2000, the millennium development goals were set up to reduce poverty (UN 2000). It was followed by a guideline for poverty alleviation to better help organizations over the world to achieve this objective (DAC 2001). To alleviate poverty barriers which restrict access and participation in society have to be removed (UNDP 2011). These barriers include; problem of unemployment, promoting human capital through educational facilities, trainings for development of skills, health facilities, support to family in difficulty through social benefits, promoting access to services through financial support and building up of self help groups to create solidarity and policies to reduce discrimination and inequalities towards the poor (Headey 2006). 2.4 Poverty alleviation among women through empowerment During the Women conference of the United Nations, it has been declared that to have stability in terms of social, economic, politic, culture and environment, achieving gender equality and empowerment is the essential keys (UN 2009). Empowerment refers to creating opportunities so that individual can develop their capacities in terms of skills and knowledge to face social prejudices in society (Waterhouse 2003). It is the 3rd goal of the Millennium Development Goals which aim to reduce poverty till 2015. Empowerment takes place through decision making, building up of self-esteem in women, improving their status in society and at home (Cheston and Khun 2002). Kabeer (2003) focus on empowerment as being able to make own choices and taking decision to achieve goals. A report from Unifem declares that to achieve women empowerment, access to all basic resources is important (Unifem 2008). Women do not only face money problems but also social ones through exclusion education, politics, and the world of work. Empowerment of women is very important to promote their participation in economic activities of society (Eyben 2008). Women are the ones who are most engaged in work and produce more but yet they only 10% of the income (Clinton 2009). Women tend to invest more even at home, a study done in Brazil showed that all household where women were in control improve the chances of survival of their children by 20% (OECD 2010). Why is empowerment important? It is because women are the one who are less educated, denied access to resources, support (financial), education and are mostly vulnerable in society, they are discriminated and exploited both at work and at home (Mayoux 2009). To achieve empowerment there are intervention from both government and Ngos working together to reduce poverty and promote women. In Mauritius, the NEF has been set up to promote empowerment of women through 2.5 Women and microcredit Micro-credit is too wide which makes it difficult to define (Oikocredit 2011). It is generally define as small loans granted to people from poor background to help them improve their income (income generating activities) and way of life (Grameen bank 2011). In the 1800s, Lysander Spooner found out that providing credit facilities to small famers was very successful that where came the new term micro-credit today, poor population have accessed to loans and payment facilities. In 1976, Muhammad Yanus (winner of the Nobel Prize in 2006) created micro-credit facilities in the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. At first it was only meant to assess the facilities which can be provided to the poor but later proved to be a key tool to reduce poverty. This was followed by the United Nations declaring the year 2005 as the international year of Micro-credit with five main goals among which were to promote contribution of micro-credit facilities and enable accessibility to these facilities (UN 2005). Micro-credit has been proved to promote social development and a tool to struggle against poverty in both developed and developing countries (Da Silva et al. 2007). MFI reports showed that 70 % of women are beneficiaries of micro-credit loans, this give an overview of women vulnerability and how they consider micro-credit loans as a way to get out of poverty. One main question is raised: Why women? Evidence have showed that women are the ones who are less paid and work in secondary sectors where they are at risk and do not have benefits compared to men in society (ILO 2008). Women face too many inequalities such as unemployment and discriminations based on gender, it has to be noted that Mauritius gender statistics showed that we are ranked 63rd  out of 146 countries on the Gender Inequality Index of the UN (CSO 2011). That is why micro-credit scheme has been introduced to promote access to resources such as land and infrastructure and also access to credit facilities. Besides Micro-credit programme also include training of women so that become independent and confident in their business (CIDA 1995). Micro-credit help women to improve their income household and build a safety-net which secure them and reduce their vulnerability to fall into traps of poverty., they become more mature to deal with issues of their business and make their o wn decision and choices (Mends 2000). Through entrepreneurship, Women have the opportunity to overcome cultural norms which trap them into their housewife role. (Swain and Wallentin 2007). 2.6 Empowerment of women through microcredit Many authors find a link between credit and empowerment. Cornwall and Edward (2010) consider empowerment as crucial to overcome economic and social dilemmas in society. Micro-credit is a system which gives access to finance through loans and savings for entrepreneurships. Studies have shown that micro-credit has been useful to the poor household due to low cost (Miller, Morhnee, Stephens and Tazi 2006). It is a fact that micro-credit programme improved women situation (economic, social, political, cultural) and also in terms of education (trainings) allowing them to develop their skills (Johnson Rogaky 1997).Empowerment has two dimension one in terms of household, women tend be at home doing housework and taking care of their family. With micro-credit programme they work and earn their own money which improves their status and their role at home compared to their previous role. They feel in a better position to apply their own decision (Osmani 2007). There were extensive debates about women and poverty and the impact of micro credit as a poverty alleviation tool. Many literatures have referred to the micro-credit scheme as the best alternative to reduce poverty and to empower women (Bernasek, 2003, Bhatt 2001, Khand Ker el al 1998, Leach and Sitaram, 2002). An assessment on the role of micro-credit schemes conducted through a survey in the South Asia together with Ngos showed that these schemes have improved economic status of women in society through education and training to acquire professional skills in entrepreneurship so that they become self-efficient and this has improve their social status in their household and improved awareness (Hashemi, Schuler and Riley 1996). Micro-credit programmes include Income-generating strategies, increasing awareness and empowering women. This help to socio-economic development of the country through education, participation in decision making, improving quality of health, sanitation and nutrition but most important of all to alleviate poverty through food security, income, improving literacy rates among women, thus leading to social inclusion of women in social, economic and political activities (Bernasek and al. 2003). Halkias, Nwajiuba, Harkiolakis, Caracatsanis (2011) study targeting the Challenges facing women entrepreneurs in Nigeria with a sample of 62 females entrepreneurs a self-administered survey showed that women showed more devotion and effort for their entrepreneurship compared to male entrepreneurs. Another result was that female entrepreneurs can professionally control their entrepreneurship and maintain their household effectively. Micro-credit had also an impact on savings made each month to improve standard of living of their families (Siringi 2011). Kabeer (1998) found out that micro-credit is an opportunity for women to bring their own contribution in terms of money. Policies should target more social and educational spheres to encourage women in the combat to alleviate poverty. Besides (Rogers and Youssef, 1988; Consultative Group to Assist the Poor CGAP, 2004: 6) findings showed that a rise in women income has positive influence on education, and health of children in the hous ehold. A study conducted in Nepal showed that more than 68% which represent more than 89 000 women over 130 000 who were involve in empowerment programme and experienced a change in their role at home and towards their own community, they have become someone who is respected for efforts and sacrifice don to reach this target of women with confidence and esteem (Ashe and Parrot 2001). Micro-credit has open new avenues for women in terms of education and development of skills. Having access to credit is more secure for women and they are able to take care of their family. Reports have shown that women are the one who spend more for the welfare of their family; in-depth interviews conducted in Rwanda with women benefiting from micro-credit scheme have shown that more than 54% of them are now able to manage on their own in their business without men (URWEGO 1994). It also helps to build up their self-confidence and self-esteem. Self-confidence is part of the aims of empowerment of women. It is the based to change women perception on various patriarchal aspects that exist in society and this also enable them to develop skills for the success of micro-credit. Micro-credit is a programme which train women to become professional business women and to be able to control their own business. Microcredit programme have empowered women leading to a change women role, status and relationship at home and in society. In-depth interviews conducted in Rwanda showed that there was an increase of 69 % in self-confidence and self-esteem of women (Ashe Parrot 1994). Studies conducted by Gobezie (2007) showed that more than 54% of women (micro-entrepreneurs) feel more at ease to deal with decisions both at home and their enterprise with the increase in self-esteem and self-confidence. 2.7 Government contribution The government plays an important role in promoting welfare through programmes and policies to better address the problem of poverty and promote equity (Cawthorne 2008). Funds from taxation help for development of the country and the government establishes a framework to know how to use funds efficiently (Serpa 2008). There is a belief that government intervention in micro-credit to give access to credit facilities only. But reality is that it acts as facilitator which provides access to service to the poor without ceilings. Another question usually asked is how micro-credit helps the poor? It increases income of poor household and improve patterns of consumption. When the needy people have access to credit, it helps them to maintain basic standard of living and have cash for emergencies. The government has an aim to promote welfare of citizens mostly needy ones; through micro-credit policies to better target and assist them but also programmes, which create opportunities to poor peo ple to develop skills and gain experience in entrepreneurship and learn how to manage their business. Several reports have shown positive impacts of micro-credit on women but there is big dilemma, political influences which exist and result to abuses, giving privileges to others and drainage of funds to be allocated to micro-entrepreneurs (CGAP 2002). Such influences affect good running and success of these programmes. Similarly to others countries like Bangladesh where the government work together with banks like BRAAC, in Mauritius there is the DBM which provide micro credit loans to people which also aim at socio-economic development and empowerment of women but through financial facilities. Micro-entrepreneurs (women) benefit from loan facility of Rs 150 000 with a period of five years for repayment, only women willing to create a small enterprise. These women are registered at the NWEC where they follow trainings to become independent wage earners (Nwec 2010). 2.9 Constrains of Micro-credit Micro credit was supposed to play a vital role in reduction of poverty but it also has its dark side. This strategy is seen as being too simple to reduce the problem of poverty (Endeley and Thompson 2005). Explanations provided to justify the failure of Micro-credit programme is that it failed to target real needy groups, it can observed that non-poor are taking most advantages of this programme and poor are becoming poorer, criteria of selection are not appropriate and this causes abuses (Copestake, Morduch, Dugger 2004). For Duvenduck (2011), until now there have not been valid evidence which prove that microcredit positively affect women. Abuses are not only from rich people but also from male in households where women benefit from micro-credit schemes. They are aware of their wives eligibility to access micro-credit loans and use them for their own business having nothing to do with women entrepreneurship (Goetz and Gupta 1995). This raises the question of gender equality which e xists in society and men always getting involved in female activities. Furthermore, the main purpose of micro- finance was supposed to provide credit a facility in terms of loan to the marginalized group to help them to generate income for their own business, the state has failed in its mission. (Swain et al 2008:193). It has rather created a vicious cycle of indebtness among women; they get trapped and become dependent on the state and banks. The problem is that they often failed to have the level of profit expected and have to work double to save for loan repayment (Copestake 2001). A report published by business week (2005:4) showed that interest rates are higher and failure to repay loans means closure of their business and huge debts to clear. It can be seen that intervention and contribution of private and public sectors are thin. There is a lack of continuous assistance to women entrepreneurs which makes the safety net very vulnerable as any mismanagement and low profitability can put the business at risk (Neff 1996). All these shortcomings of micro-credit have raised a question; is micro-credit really a tool to reduce poverty? Findings from different surveys showed that it really reduced poverty in the world but to some extent. Kandler (2005) found out that 31 % of women participating in micro-credit programs have been out of their abject poverty in Bangladesh. Another fact of micro-credit success is the increase and improvement of consumption patterns of poor people together with the increase in income this has lead to economic development. Kah (2005) reject the positive results of micro-credit in the developing countries. After a study in different countries with different methods like interviews, surveys and ethnogra phic surveys, Kay found out that it is a too optimistic assumption to classify micro-credit as a tool to alleviate poverty. Micro-credit programmes also have short-comings which tend to be ignored. Antaitwe (2006) claimed that there programmes have failed to meet their aims and objectives. The reason provided was that the fact that people who deserve this service and assistance were excluded from these programmes (Hulme 2003). Another short-coming of micro-credit is whether these programmes are accessible to extremely poor people. Reports from the United Nations (UN) showed that these programmes are inaccessible to extremely poor because of high interest rates and lack of infrastructures and structural patterns to better assist needy people so that they develop their skills and become efficient in society. Peredo and Chrisman (2006) focus on the fact that network should be created to enable better sharing and also facilities in terms of resources and management of enterprises including cost of resources, methods of distribution after production and how to value their products. Pollin (2007) consider microcredit as undervaluing entrepreneurship because it has rather encourage short-term income activities. Entrepreneurship is more based on investment of profit (Harper 2007), however micro-enterprises profit are used for personal matters like luxuries, education, health and other emergencies rather than for development of the country. The main problem with micro-credit shemes is that they deal with economic problems than social ones. It is clear that poverty is the socio-economic problem for most of the world. The male dominance which exists in the most societies acts like a barrier for women success. Men have control over everything in society, even incomes earned by their wife in their enterprise are used for other purposes and women barely have access to it (Omorodion 2007). All these deep-rooted perception, values and customs prevent women to protest because they fear to be harassed, beated up, humiliated by their husband. To some extent micro-credit create tensions in households in most developing countries. For example Mauritius is a country where men power prevails both at work and home. Men refuse to accept women emancipation and recognize their capacities which are very essential for the success of micro-credit programmes (World Bank 2006). This might explain the high rate of domestic violence which was 3 9% in Mauritius in 2011 (ESI 2011). It seems that micro-credit programmes have been introduced only to increase economic activity and supply of labor through job creations (Pitt and Khandler 1998). Micro-credit programmes were supposed to increase income of poor households but it failed because most of the money saved goes in loan repayment and in case of emergencies access to money become a big issue (Brett 2006). The fact that women have low status and are seen as weak ,ignorant and low skilled in society they tend to take loans to move further on the social ladder of society (Lucas 2001). They are trapped to being dependent on their husband and even more when they fail to repay their loan. This ideological image of women responsibility being at home to bring balance is a barrier to success, and though the effort to achieve gender equality in society it has failed. All government strategies for integration of women in society have failed and have provoked misconceptions about women failure in micro-credit programmes and confirming stereotype on women weakness and incapacity (Nesbitt 2006). Too little concerns are attached to empowerment of women (Bellman 2010), it is not only based on increasing their income and developing skills but it is based on changing deep perceptions. It is very difficult to change perceptions people make on women (Swain and Wallentin 2007:25). 2.8 Summary of literature review Through the previous paragraphs, in-depth explanations about the impacts of micro-credit have been given by different authors. It seems that micro-credit programmes have been very efficient in terms of income-generating, development of professional skill to manage own business, emancipation of women in the World. Women have been empowered by these programmes through increase of confidence and assertiveness and independency. The importance of empowerment to alleviate poverty is pointed by many authors; micro-credit increases their awareness and make women more efficient in society. It has brought changes in family income and standard of living and a change in roles that women become entrepreneurs this imply devoting time to both their business and their family which is very hard and often end into conflicts. The government and Ngos also play an important role to promote development and emancipation of women together with policies to protect and respect their rights and programmes to m ake them successful women in the future. Despite all positive impacts of micro-credit on women, there are also short-comings. Micro-credit encourage women to take loan to build their own business and are also trained for it but there is not enough assistance for mentors to make sure these women are on the right track and to counsel them in case of problem to tackle within their business. The problem is when these businesses are unable to make enough profit to repay their loan, there went to deficit and loses their business, all their efforts, time and sacrifices made to achieves this. This result to women becoming dependent on their husband again and men control them again which means empow

Salem Witch Trial and the Crucible

The Salem Witch trials caused a lot of hysteria in history, during 1692. The town of Salem is located in Massachusetts. The hysteria was drawn from the beliefs of witches, witchcraft and black magic. The topics of witches, witchcraft and black magic have been questioned for many centuries. These questions have been dated all the way back to B. C. times. There have been writings in The Bible about people saying that others have been seen performing witchcraft and are in need of being saved by God. There has been suspicion of witchcraft with the Egyptians, Native Americans, the Elizabethan Age, and Medieval times. Witchcraft and black magic can be described and seen in two ways. First, it can be looked upon as a religion of the ancient and traditional worships of the feminine, earthly, and amazing aspects of God which is considered a heresy. Secondly, it goes against the beliefs of the Christian Church. Witches and witchcraft are considered evil and are seen as making pacts, deals or connections with the Devil. It is not a coincidence that the first official witch trial took place in Massachusetts. A witch trial is when a person is accused of being a witch; they will then have to go to court to be testified to be seen guilty or innocent by a judge. This first witch trial happened in 1648, to a woman named Margaret Jones. The man who accused her was John Winthrop. He was governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony at the time. His reason for accusing Margaret of being a witch was because anyone who touched Margaret was taken with deafness, vomiting, sickness or pains. She was seen practicing physics, which women were not allowed to be learning about at the time. Also, anyone who she tried to help got worse and she foretold events that came true. The main reason why Winthrop accused her was because he was getting questioned about his authority by Margaret. Since she was a woman and was questioning him, he thought the best way to get rid of her was to send her to jail for being a â€Å"witch†. This became a common act used among many people in Salem to send the ones they hate to jail or even to death. The town of Salem is very small. Information and rumors can be spread around very quickly. This became a main factor of how hysteria started. There was a Native American who was a slave to the Parris family, her name was Tituba. She soon began to create a chain known as Tituba’s Circle. This circle was her way of spreading stories about the supernatural. She would perform and teach tricks, spells, voodoo and chants to young Puritan girls. In the Puritan religion it is forbidden to ever be practicing witchcraft. Two girls who were in this chain were Betty Parris, nine years old, and Abigail Williams, eleven years old. Abigail was Betty’s cousin and Tituba was Betty’s slave. The two girls all of a sudden started showing odd signs in their behaviors. 1) excruciating sensations of â€Å"pricking† or â€Å"pinching† (as by numberless pins and nails), also of â€Å"burning† (by invisible flames); (2)bizarre contortions of body parts: twisting, stretching, usual postures of extreme rigidity and limberness by turns; (3) frenzied motor activity: rolling on the ground, running about aimlessly, simulated â€Å"flying† and â€Å"diving†; occasional â€Å"barking† or other animal imitation; some impulse to injury or self or others; (4) periods of extreme immobility, amounting to paralysis; feelings of extraordinary pressure on the chest; (5) anorexia: more or less complete inhibitions of eating; (6) occasional forced consumption of invisible liquids when overpowered by the witch; (7) â€Å"frolicsome† intervals, mostly without pain; cavorting in a â€Å"ludicrous† way, babbling impertinent nonsense; insults and gestures of physical assault toward bystanders, friends, and family(Rice, 24) These conditions were rarely seen by doctors. There were no medicines to cure their behaviors, so they were diagnosed with witchcraft. They were thought to be under the hands of the devil. The girls received long periods of complete silence, lasting hours or days, to calm the girls down. Now a day with the knowledge of doctors, these behaviors can be diagnosed as anxiety and can possibly be caused by being sexually abused or beaten. Discrimination played a major part in the Salem Witch Trials. Most accusations were made upon old women. Betty and Abigail called upon two women, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne to be witches. They said that they were seen to be in company with the devil and were sending their spirits to hurt them. The town believed them because Sarah Good was 39 but looked the age of 70. She had long gray hair, a raspy voice, winkled face and was seen smoking a pipe a lot. She was married two times, her first husband died and her second husband became poor after their marriage. The town’s people believed she caused both of her marriages to fail. Sarah Osborne was 69, widowed and had not been to the Puritan church for three years. The first execution in Salem was to a woman of 71, Rebecca Nurse. She was a well-respected woman in the town and was also a devoted member of the Puritan church. She had acquired land from the Putnam family, but a rival over its ownership started to occur. Ann Putnam accused Rebecca of being a witch out of spite to get her family’s land back. This led Rebecca to be put on trial. At first, she was proven innocent, but then Ann Putnam said that Rebecca tried again to send her spirit out. This time Rebecca was found guilty. On July 19th she was hung. The people in the town were getting over paranoid. People were accusing others left and right. If someone was seen either mumbling to themselves, having an eccentric behavior, having a dispute with the Parris family, not going to church, going to a different church, speaking a different language, having connections to the previous Indian war, or expressing support for a recently accused witch then they were now being accused of witchcraft. Nineteen people were accused of witchcraft and were hung. They were hung at Gallows Hill from the month of June to August. Some of the ways people would try to get out of death for being accused as a witch were to flee Salem, accuse someone else, try to get pregnant or fake a pregnancy, confess even if innocent, plead innocent at trial or refuse to stand for a trial. Getting pregnant or faking a pregnancy would give someone a year to live to have the baby and hope that the hysteria would be over. The confession of being a witch even if innocent actually didn’t lead to death, just being sentenced to life in jail. The plead for innocence would be to hope that the judge would see you innocent. Out of the nineteen people hung, five of them were males. George Burroughs, John Willard, George Jacobs, John Proctor and Giles Corey were all convicted. The court was also getting out of hand and having inappropriate behavior. The men didn’t have the suspicion of being witches, like the woman. They went against the court to try and prove innocence for the accused and because of that they were convicted. Finally on October 3rd, Governor Phipps in a sermon to other ministers, showed evidence that the witch trials should end. The court was dissolved and was not allowed to have any more witch trials. Property of the accused was given back. Those who were already found guilty were pardoned. The remaining accused were tried and then found innocent. In Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible, there are many similarities to the Salem Witch Trials. The play is based on the people and the events of the Salem Witch Trials. The play shows how the town’s people were getting consumed by the thought of witchcraft. It displays how people were going behind each other’s backs to get revenge. It also demonstrates how the people acted in the court. Since The Crucible is a drama there are some parts that are not true. There was no incidence where a whole bunch of young girls were dancing in the woods. Abigail was not seventeen and did not have an affair with John Proctor. In conclusion, the hysteria during the Salem Witch Trials led to nineteen deaths. The want for revenge went to an extreme. Many innocent people were convicted without being properly heard, and their deaths came too soon. The Salem Witch Trials will never be forgotten or go unnoticed. They will forever be a reminder that no one will ever die again convicted as a witch in the United States.